Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle. Relationships ...

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Direct object pronouns are used to replace a noun that is the direct object of the verb. They are used when talking about who or what an action is done to. For ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...